• DRB Introduction Glucose is the most important

  2022-06-24

  

  Introduction Glucose is the most important energy carrier of the brain. Glucose transporter type 1 (Glut1) is located at the blood–brain barrier and assures the energy-independent, facilitative transport of glucose into the brain [1]. Twelve transmembrane segments of the protein and an intracellula

• br Experimental section br Introduction

  2022-06-24

  

  Experimental section Introduction Fasting hyperglycaemia in all forms of diabetes mellitus occurs primarily as a result of upsurge in hepatic glucose synthesis (HGS) [1], [2]. Two specific enzymes, glucokinase (GK) and glucose-6 phosphatase (Glu-6-Pase) play crucial role in hepatic glucose pro

• Administration of a fructose rich diet

  2022-06-24

  

  Administration of a fructose-rich diet to normal rats induces insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes, depending on treatment duration [23]. We have shown that development of these abnormalities as well as fat deposit in liver, are effectively prevented by co-administration of

• Administration of a fructose rich diet

  2022-06-24

  

  Administration of a fructose-rich diet to normal rats induces insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes, depending on treatment duration [23]. We have shown that development of these abnormalities as well as fat deposit in liver, are effectively prevented by co-administration of

• br Conflict of interest br Acknowledgements br Introduction

  2022-06-24

  

  Conflict of interest Acknowledgements Introduction Second generation antipsychotic drugs (SGAs) such as olanzapine are widely used in treating individuals with schizophrenia and bi-polar disorder and are increasingly prescribed for other conditions such as anxiety (Pringsheim and Gardner, 2

• Analogous to all GPCRs the GLP R transduces signals

  2022-06-24

  

  Analogous to all GPCRs, the GLP-1R transduces signals from the outside of the cell to the inside by allosterically converting a ligand-binding event to activation of intracellular effectors. The GLP-1R couples to several intracellular effectors and this pleiotropic coupling is physiologically releva

• br Conflict of interest statement br Introduction br Gap

  2022-06-24

  

  Conflict of interest statement Introduction Gap junction assembly Induced disassembly of gap junctions The regulation of connexin and gap junction turnover are still not well understood. This is, in part, due to the fact that while the overall turnover of connexin molecules is fairly con

• br Results br Discussion In this

  2022-06-24

  

  Results Discussion In this study, we investigated the role of galanin and GAL2 receptors on anxiety-like behaviours mediated by the dorsal hippocampus of rats. We showed that locally administered galanin (1 nmol) decreased exploration of the open arms in the EPM, suggesting an anxiogenic-like

• The second experiment investigated the possible

  2022-06-24

  

  The second experiment investigated the possible neuronal mechanism underlying the effect of acupuncture. The baseline level of methamphetamine consumption in each group was similar, as in the first experiment (Fig. 2A). Acupuncture at HT7 also significantly inhibited the methamphetamine self-adminis

• In the phylum Cnidaria which separated from the

  2022-06-24

  

  In the phylum Cnidaria, which separated from the main line of Metazoa early during evolution, FGFR signaling is essential during development and morphogenesis. Two FGFRs and two FGFs antagonistically control formation of the apical organ in the anthozoan Nematostella and target the MAPK pathway (Ren

• br Acknowledgments br Introduction Prenyltransferase catalyz

  2022-06-24

  

  Acknowledgments Introduction Prenyltransferase catalyzes the head-to-tail condensation between isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP, 1) and an allylic prenyl diphosphate to produce several prenyl diphosphates, which are then converted into steroids, carotenoids, prenyl side-chains of quinones, and pre

• Neither E nor Z FPP synthase catalyzed

  2022-06-24

  

  Neither E- nor Z-FPP synthase catalyzed the reaction between 8-THPOGPP and IPP. However, a mutant E-FPP synthase (Y81S) produced 12-THPOFPP from the substrates 8-THPOGPP and IPP, and wild-type E-FPP synthase catalyzed the reaction betweeen 8-AcOGPP and IPP producing 12-AcOFPP. Mutant E-FPP synthase

• In addition to FAK P MAPK kDa polypeptide serves

  2022-06-24

  

  In addition to FAK, P-38 MAPK (38 kDa polypeptide) serves as cross-talk effector for signal transduction, enabling this factor to play a vital role in numerous biological processes (Cuenda and Rousseau, 2007). Pharmacologically modulation of P-38 has shown to be an effective approach in the orientat

• Nitazoxanide Consistent with our result Camacho Barquero

  2022-06-24

  

  Consistent with our result, Camacho-Barquero and coworkers showed that curcumin reduced phospho-P38 MAPK. P-38 MAPK is a key effector of several downstream factors that eventually modulate the homing of monocytic cells during the onset of intestine inflammation (Camacho-Barquero et al., 2007). Along

• Hyperactivation of Notch pathway can give

  2022-06-24

  

  Hyperactivation of Notch1 pathway can give rise to transformation into T-ALL in murine models. In more than 50% of acute T-cell lymphoblastic leukemias oncogenic activating mutations of Notch1 have been detected and inactivation of Notch1 signaling impairs leukemia cell proliferation and promotes ap

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